The Northern Renaissance

Questions P. 480-487

1.
Utopia - Meaning "no place" in Greek, but in English has come to mean an ideal place.
William Shakespeare - Famous writer of the Elizabethan Era. Many regard as the greatest playwright of all time. Born in 1564.
Johann Gutenberg - Craftsman from Mainz, Germany who developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way. Process made it easy to produce books quickly and cheaply. Use movable type as opposed to the traditional Chinese static type. Gutenberg used his invention to print a complete bible in 1455. A copyist could take 5 months to copy a book, in the same time a man and a printing press could print 500 books.

3.
Durer traveled to Italy in 1494 and after returning to Germany, he produced engravings and woodcuts. Many of the prints portray religious subjects, similar to statues produced in Italy. Others portray realistic landscapes similar to the Italian Renaissance's idea of secularism.

4.
The Renaissance changed society in a way to make people realize that we are all equal, and that the evils of our world, like greed, corruption, and war must be weeded out, for people are meant to live in harmony, together.

5.
The invention of the printing press (Johann Gutenberg's version with movable type) made knowledge cheaper and more accessible to the common person. Before, Copyist could take 5 months to copy a single book, but with a man and a printing press, 500 books could be produced in the same time.

Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

1.
Renaissance - Meaning rebirth, in context referring to the revival of art and learning from the 1300's to the 1600's
Humanism - Intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.
Secular - Worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now.
Patrons - Spenders, customers, in context, Church leaders and rich families and merchants spending on the arts.
Perspective - Technique used to create depth and show three dimensions on a flat surface.
Vernacular - Native language.

3.
Characteristics of a renaissance man include being charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry. As well as being a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman. A renaissance woman should know the classics and be charming as well. Expected to inspire art but rarely create it. Better education than medieval women. Little influence on politics.

4.
Italy's cities helped make it the birthplace of the Renaissance because each city would hire its own artists to come to the city and make it beautiful, bringing work and inspiration to the artist. One such example is Isabella d'Este and her city state of Mantua which she came to rule by marrying it's ruler. She brought many artists to her court and built a famous art collection.

5.
Religious figures and those of wealth were negative towards the artists, scientist, and writers of the Renaissance because they strayed away from tradition and sought to inspire people. The Church saw science as a heresy spoke against God due to science giving natural explanations for the world that was not God. The wealthy were exposed as being enemies towards the poor commoners of the cities.

Another Day, Another Blog

Once again, Mr. Schick is back teaching and we're going through the power point made by Chi Cago. First off is Empire vs. Empire. Rome vs. Carthage. Rome and Carthage would fight 3 wars between 264-146 B.C. The First Punic War (264-241 B.C.), consisted mainly of naval battles for control of the island of Sicily. Rome would come out victorious in this war. The Second Punic War was started by 29-year-old Carthaginian general Hannibal, who would almost do the impossible; taking Rome. Instead of doing a head on attack. Hannibal attacks through Gaul and into the north from the Alps. Laid siege to the peninsula for 15 years but never got Rome. Third, final, Punic War (149-146 B.C.), Rome completely wipes out the threat of Carthage. City of Carthage was burned and the remaining 50,000 citizens were sold into slavery. All Carthaginian territory becomes Roman province of Africa. Economic changes from the thousands of slaves caused landowners to sell their land to aristocrats just to not fall into debt and become a slave themselves. Another reason was because workers kept going off to war and couldn't stay and work their jobs. To keep the poor plebs happy, free grain was given from the state and free entertainment was given. Caesar, general who conquered Gaul, crossed the Rubicon and invaded Rome, declares himself emperor after climbing the ladder of power and starts taking control. The senate decides to kill him and this breaks the country into civil war. Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, works with Antony to defeat the senators who killed Caesar. Eventually Octavian and Antony fall into a war against each other with Octavian defeating Antony, who was being helped by Cleopatra. Octavian becomes uncontested ruler of Rome and is given the honorific title of "Augustus" or "Exalted One". Also given the title of "Imperator" where our modern day "Emperor" comes from. Octavian would be a great emperor for the next 40 years and would start a period called Pax Romana or "Roman Peace". Pax Romana would last from 27 B.C., beginning of Octavian's rule, to 180 A.D. Octavian had many great achievements in his life but his rule as emperor would lead to a chain of emperors, burying the idea of the Republic, kind of. Tiberius was an excellent general but reluctant emperor. After the death or Rome, he exiled himself and left his prefects in charge. After emperor Tiberius, Caligula, who gained power after a power struggle after Tiberius' death, would attempt to re-establish the Republic but it did not work due to him getting assassinated from all three branches of government. Known for his cruelty, extravagance, and perversity. Claudius was a well ruler do good things for Rome but suffered from infirmities more than likely due to cerebral palsy. His rivals and family would rag him for these things. Died by poisoning from a plan of his last wife who wanted her son to rise to power. Her son being Nero. Nero ruled from 54-68 A.D. and was quite big on the arts. He wanted to rebuild Rome and make it majestic, especially after a fire in 64 AD that ravaged Rome for days. Nero went hugely over budget and eventually starting raiding temples for money. Not looked upon nicely by historians.

The Prodigal Son has returned

Mr. Schick is back after two weeks and ready to be teaching again. We went off where he last left us at the powerpoint. In this powerpoint was the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of Ancient Rome's government and also the United States' for comparison. The Romans had consuls who would have served 1 year terms which were compared with the United States' presidents who server in 4 year terms. Both Rome and the United States had senates but the US' has about 200 less members who serve 6 year terms instead of life-time terms in Rome. In addition to the senate, the US has the House of Representatives, which the closest thing Rome would've had were Assemblies. Ancient Rome had Praetors who served one year terms instead of the States' Justices who serve life-long terms after being picked by the President and voted in by the senate. Rome had the twelve tables as their law set and the US has the Constitution and its Bill of Rights (the 10 Amendments). Today was pretty average and somewhat boring, besides one minor thing, but other than that it was fine.

Rome Day 6

The Fall of the Roman Empire
Questions P. 176

1.
Inflation - Drastic drop in the value of money coupled with a rise in prices.
Mercenary - Foreign soldier fighting for money.
Diocletian - Strong-willed army leader who became emperor in 284 A.D. Ruled with an iron fist and severely limited personal freedoms. He restored order to the empire and increased its strength. Doubled the size of the army and sought to control inflation for setting fixed prices on goods.
Constantinople - Means city of Constantine. Originally called Byzantium, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Attila - Powerful chieftan who terrorized both halves of the empire with his 100,000 men army. In the East, his armies attacked and plundered 70 cities (However, failing to scale the high walls of Constantinople). In 452 A.D. he and his forces advanced against Rome, but bouts of famine and disease kept them from conquering the city.

3.
The main internal problems within the empire were economic failings, and military and political turmoil. Inflation made it hard on citizens and with Harvests becoming increasingly meager in Italy and Western Europe due to overworked soil losing its fertility and war destroying much of the farmland, Serious food shortages and disease soon spread. The population began to decline. With these events, Romans lost their sense of patriotism and soldiers loyalty and discipline declined. They became indifferent to the fate of the Empire. The army had to start hiring mercenaries who although would accept lower pay than Romans, had little to no loyalty for the Empire.

4.
Diocletian succeeded in preserving the empire by restoring order and increasing its strength. He began by doubling the army's size and controlling inflation by setting fixed prices on goods. He also realized that the Empire was too large and complex to be ruled alone, so he split the empire into East and West and stayed in control of the West while maintaining a co-ruler in the East.

5.
The reason why so many Germanic tribes began invading Rome is because of the Huns. The Huns came into the Germanic native area and pushed them away from the area, in an attempt to flee, the Germanic tribes pushed into Gaul and eventually into Rome.

Rome Day 5

The Rise of Christianity
Questions P.172

1.
Jesus - Born around 6 to 4 B.C., a Jew raised in the town of Nazareth. Began public ministry at age 30. For the next 3 years, Jesus would preach, teach, do good works, and preform miracles. His teachings were close to that of Judaism but would eventually come to create their own religion, Christianity.
Apostles - 12 men who were Jesus' closest disciples. Most would carry on his ministry after his death.
Paul - Jew who originally was an enemy to Christianity, would later convert after having a vision on a road to Damascus. Spent the rest of his life spreading and interpreting Jesus' teachings. Would become an important part to the early church by spreading the word to lands far and wide.
Diaspora - Dispersal of the Jews from their homeland.
Constantine - Roman Emperor who made Christianity an allowed religion in Empire after having a vision which caused him to win a battle after he was praying.
Bishop - Also a priest but supervised several local churches.
Peter - Apostle of Jesus who traveled to Rome from Jerusalem and became the first bishop there. According to scripture, Jesus referred to Peter as the "rock" on which the Christian church would be built upon. As a result, all priests and bishops trace their authority to him.
Pope - Father or head of the Christian Church. Pope is would have been who the bishop of Rome was.

3.
Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. Along with Give to everyone who asks you for something, and when someone takes what is yours, do not ask for it back. Do for others just what you want them to do for you. Jesus emphasized that we should not fight back, but rather pray for these people, and that one day, we will inherit the Earth.

4.
The reason why Christians faced persecution from Rome is because they refused to worship Roman gods, which was seen as opposition to Roman rule.

5.
The importance of the Nicene creed is that it established a borderline for Christian belief and made the religion more universal by setting and making clear Christian beliefs. Prior, there was no set belief system which confused Christians.

Rome Day 6

The Fall of the Roman Empire
Questions P. 176

1.
Inflation - Drastic drop in value of money coupled with a rise in prices.
Mercenary - Foreign soldier fighting for money.
Diocletian - Strong-willed army leader, became Emperor in 284 A.D. Ruled with an iron fist and severely limited personal freedoms. Also restored order to the empire and increased its strength. Doubled the size of the army and sought to control inflation by setting fixed prices on goods.
Constantinople - Meaning city of Constantine. Capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Attila - Powerful chieftan who terrorized both halves of the Roman Empire with his army of 100,000 men. In the East, his army attacked and plundered 70 cities, although failing to scale the high walls of Constantinople. In 452 A.D. his forces advanced against Rome but failed due to famine and disease bouts.

3.
The main internal causes to Rome's downfall were the economy falling and military and political turmoil. Inflation made the money less valuable and at the same time prices were rising. At the same time harvests in Italy and Western Europe became increasingly meager because the overworked soil lost its fertility. More so, years of war had destroyed a lot of the farmland. Eventually, serious food shortages and disease spread, and the population declined. Over time, Roman soldiers became less disciplined and loyal, meaning the army could just fall apart, a chain is only as strong as its weakest link. Eventually the Empire would have to hire mercenaries, and although they accepted lower pay than Romans, they had little to no loyalty to the Empire. Conditions in the Empire eventually caused citizens to lose their sense of patriotism, making them become indifferent to the Empire's fate.

4.
Diocletian succeeded in preserving the Empire by re-strengthening the army by doubling its size and then setting fixed prices for goods to control the inflation. Along with this he split the empire in two so that two rulers could control the vast and complex empire together. To restore prestige to the office of emperor, he presented himself in a godlike aura at ceremonies and claimed to be a descendant from ancient Roman gods.

5.
Germanic tribes began invading the empire because the Huns started pushing them out of their native lands. The Germanic people needed somewhere to go so they started pushing through Gaul and eventually into Rome to flee from the Huns.

Rome Day 4

The first verse of Chi Cago's rap begins with the three groups that we see in the book. The Estruscans, Latins, and Greeks. In the book it's not said which group came first, other than prehistoric peoples, but just specifying who was on the Italian peninsula at the time. Chi Cago's rap claims that the Latins were the first and if we ignore the prehistoric peoples the book does not say if this is true or not. Knowing Chi Cago and his extensive knowledge on the history of these things, it's more than likely true. Tarquin is also mentioned in the book and just like the rap, the Romans booted him out and started their republic. Moving onto the second verse, we have what seems to be the definitions of Roman government and military. Once again, these match those in the book and are accurate. Moving to the third verse, we see what seems to be the start of the Roman civil wars. The common people got fed up with the patricians and started fighting back, first through government, then by force. Nothing is mentioned here about the private armies that Roman generals would form with common farmers by themselves. The fourth verse brings us to the time of Julius Caesar and when he ruled over Gaul then Rome. Along with the fifth verse all this info on Caesar matches that in the textbook and puts the history in the book to slang that the fellow kids will adore. The sixth verse describes other leaders that would come after Caesar and other important figures during these times. The information is presumed to be accurate as once again, it is written by Chi Cago and it matches that of the info in the book. The seventh and final verse brings us right up just before the beginning of the A.D. years. It describes in detail the state of the Roman Empire and events surrounding that of the region. And on one final note, Chi Cago informs us we now know all about Rome, for now at least.

Rome Day 3

The Roman Empire
Questions P.165

1.
Civil War - Conflict between groups within the same state/country
Julius Caesar - Military leader who joined forces with Crassus and Pompey to get himself elected consul. Would dominate Rome as part of a triumvirate. Eventually would drive out Crassus and Pompey to make himself emperor. Would soon after be killed by senators to stop his grow of power.
Triumvirate - Group of three rulers.
Augustus - "Exalted one"; name given to Octavian after he restored some aspects of the republic after he regained control of the empire from Caesar's killers, then, with Mark Antony becoming a rival, defeated him and Cleopatra as to stop a supposed plot to gain rule over Rome.
Pax Romana - "Roman Peace"; Period of peace and prosperity after the civil wars.

3.
With growing wealth and borders, growing discontent among the lower classes of society resulted, along with a breakdown in military order. Small farms could not compete with large estates forcing them to sell their land and become homeless, migrant workers.

4.
The main reasons for Rome's success in holding such a large empire is mainly due to its efficient government and their able leaders. These leaders would stabilize frontiers, glorify Rome with splendid architecture, and prop up the government with new, improved systems. Along with their vast empire, leaders would also construct great roads to connect the empire from East to West.

5
To distract and control the masses of Rome, the government provided free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests. By 250 A.D. there were 150 holidays a year (That's a holiday about every 2 days). With all these events, it would be hard to not be distracted after all.

Rome Day 2

The Roman Republic
Questions P. 159

1.
Republic - Form of government, in which power rests with the citizens, which the Romans used during the years before the empire.
Patrician - Wealthy landowners who held most of the power, like the aristocrats of Greece.
Plebeian - The common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up a majority of the population.
Tribune - Representatives elected by the plebeians that would protect their rights from unfair acts of the upper class patricians.
Consul - One of two officials that acted like kings for the republic, commanding the army and directing the government, but having limited power with terms only lasting a year.
Senate - Aristocratic branch of Rome's government, preforming legislative and administrative functions with 300 members from Rome's upper class. Later Plebeians were allowed in.
Dictator - Leader with absolute power to make laws and command the army. Appointed in times of a crisis with their power only lasting 6 months. Chosen by the consuls and elected by the senate.
Legion - Large military units in which Roman soldiers were organized into. Made of 5,000 heavily armed infantry, with supporting cavalry group.
Punic Wars - Long struggle involving multiple wars between Rome and Carthage between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C.
Hannibal - 29-year-old Carthaginian general who was the mastermind behind the Second Punic War. Brilliant military strategist who wanted to avenge Carthage's defeat in the First Punic War.

3.
The limitations on a consuls power were as follows; Terms lasted only one year, after being in term you would have to wait ten years to run again. The consuls could also overrule one of the other's decisions.

4.
The significance of the Twelve Tables is that Roman law was finally set in stone (literally). Previously to the Twelve Tables, Roman law was up to interpretation and mainly retained through word of mouth. This means judges could interpret the laws to suit themselves and unfairly act upon someone. With the laws written, and hung in the Forum, it became what would establish the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law.

5.
Hannibal's attack on Rome was daring and different because rather than going straight for his main objective, he lead a long trek from Spain across France through the Alps. This lead to him being able to move his forces freely up and down the Italian peninsula for more than a decade. He would see great victories in which he would inflict heavy losses on the Roman army. Although he was close, the Roman army was able to regroup and prevent him from capturing Rome.

Rome Day 1

ROME TIMELINE 500 B.C.- 500 A.D. :
509 B.C. - Rome becomes a republic.
264 B.C. - First Punic War begins.
218 B.C. - In the Second Punic War, Hannibal invades Italy.
31 B.C. - Octavian defeats the forces of Antony and Cleopatra.
284 A.D. - Diocletian becomes emperor of Rome.
476 A.D. - Western Roman Empire falls.

MAIN IDEAS:
Power and Authority- Rome becomes a republic, a form of government in which elected officials represent the people. However, Emperors, absolute rulers, would eventually gain power and expand the Roman Empire.
Empire Building- At its peak, the Roman Empire touched three continents; Europe, Asia, and Africa. For several countries, the Roman Empire would bring peace and prosperity til the eventual collapse of the Roman Empire, and in others, maybe not so much.
Religion and Ethical Systems- Out of Judea rose a monotheistic, single-god, religion known as Christianity. Based on teachings from Jesus of Nazareth, it would soon spread throughout the Roman Empire and soon, throughout the world eventually becoming the world' largest religion.

Chapter 1 - The Roman Republic:
The Origins of Rome-
According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 573 B.C. by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars, and a Latin princess. The twins were abandoned on the Tiber river as infants and raised by a she-wolf. The twins decided to build a city near the spot. In reality it was men not immortals who chose the spot, and they did so mainly due to its strategic location and fertile soil.
Rome's Geography-
Rome was built on seven rolling hills (namely one, Palatine Hill at the beginning) at a curve on the Tiber River, near the center of the Italian peninsula. Also being located near the center of the Mediterranean Sea.
The First Romans-
The Earliest Settlers on the Italian Peninsula came in prehistoric times, but from about 1000 to 500 B.C., three groups inhabited the region and eventually battled for control. These groups were the Latins, the Greeks, and the Etruscans. The Latins (considered to be the first Romans) were the original ones who built Rome, which was originally a cluster of wooden huts built atop the Palatine Hill. Between 750 and 600 B.C., the Greeks established colonies along southern Italy and Sicily. The cities became prosperous and commercially active. These cities brought all of Italy into closer contact with Greek civilization. The Etruscans were native to northern Italy. They were skilled metalworkers and engineers. They strongly influenced the development of Roman civilization. They had a system of writing, that the Romans would adopt their alphabet. Also influenced Roman architecture, especially through the use of the arch.
The Early Republic-
Around 600 B.C., an Etruscan became king of Rome. In the following decades, Rome grew from a collection of hilltop villages to a city that covered nearly 500 square miles. Various kings ordered the construction of Rome's first temples and public centers; the most famous of which was the Forum, the heart of Roman political life. The last king of Rome was Tarquin the Proud. A harsh tyrant, eventually driven from power in 509 B.C. The Romans declared they would not be ruled by a King ever again. Instead, they established a republic, from the Latin phrase res publica, which means "public affairs." A republic is a form of government which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders. Although, the only people who could vote were free-born male citizens.
Patricians and Plebeians-
In the early republic, groups of Romans struggled for power. One group was the patricians, the wealthy landowners who held most of the power. The other important group was the plebeians, the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population.Patricians inherited their power and social status. Making claims that their ancestry gave them the authority to make laws for Rome. The plebeians were the citizens of Rome with the right to vote. However, they were barred from holding most important government positions. In time, Rome's leaders allowed the plebeians to form their own assembly and elect representatives called tribunes. Tribunes protected the rights of plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials.
Twelve Tables-
Carved, stone tablets containing Rome's laws. Began in 451 B.C. when a group of ten officials began writing down Rome's laws. Became hung in the forum and later the basis for all Roman laws and the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law. Previously, with the laws unwritten, laws were up to interpretation from unfair patrician leaders.
Government Under the Republic-
Rome had two officials called consuls. Like kings, they commanded the army and directed the government. However, their power was limited. Their terms lasted for only one year and they could not be elected again for another ten years. Also, one consul could always overrule the other's decisions. The senate was the aristocratic branch of Rome's government. Made from three-hundred members of Rome's upper class, it worked in legislative and administrative functions. Although, later plebeians would be allowed in. Senate exercised great influence over both foreign and domestic policy. The more democratic side was represented by the assemblies. For example, an assembly organized by the plebeians, the Tribal Assembly, elected the tribunes and make laws for the common people, and later the republic itself. In times of crisis, the republic could appoint a dictator; a leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army. Power only lasted for six months. Would be chosen by the consuls and elected by the senate. Through this Rome's government had aspects of other government like monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.
The Roman Army-
In addition to their government, Romans placed great value on the military. All citizens who owned land were required to serve. Seekers of certain public offices had to preform ten years of military service. Roman Soldiers were organized into large military units called legions. A Roman legion was made up of some five-thousand heavily armed infantry. A group of cavalry would support each legion. Legions were divided into centuries, made up of eighty men. The organization and skill of this army were key factors in Rome's rise to greatness.
Rome Spreads Its Power
For hundreds of years after the founding of the republic, Rome sought to expand its territories through trade and conquest
Rome Conquers Italy-
Eventually, Romans would come to defeat the Etruscans in the north and the Greek city-states in the south. This lead to them having complete control of all of Italy.
Rome's Commercial Network-
Rome's location gave easy access to the riches of the lands ringing in the Mediterranean Sea. Roman merchants, moving by land and sea, traded Roman wine and olive oil for a variety of foods, raw materials, and manufactured goods. However, other large and powerful cities interfered with Roman trade. One such city was Carthage. Once a colony of Phoenicia, Carthage was located on a peninsula on the North African coast. Its rise to power soon put it in direct opposition with Rome leading to...
War with Carthage-
In 264 B.C. Rome and Carthage went to war. This would be the beginning of the long struggle known as the Punic Wars. Between 264 and 146 B.C., Rome and Carthage fought three wars. The first, ending in the defeat of Carthage, was for control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean, lasting twenty-three years (264-241 B.C.). The Second Punic War began in 218 B.C. The mastermind was twenty-nine-year-old Carthaginian general, Hannibal. Hannibal was a brilliant military strategist who seeked vengeance for Carthage's earlier defeat. Hannibal's army of fifty-thousand infantry, nine-thousand cavalry, and sixty elephants was intent on capturing Rome. Instead of attack head on they became in Spain to France to the Alps. Despite losing more than half his men and most of his elephants, the move initially worked. For more than a decade, he and his army marched up and down the Italian peninsula at will. His greatest victory was won at Cannae in 216 B.C. There he and his army inflicted massive losses on the Romans. However, the Romans regrouped and with the aid of allies stood firm, preventing Hannibal from capturing his main objective, Rome.
Rome Triumphs-
Eventually, the Romans found a daring military leader to match Hannibal's boldness. General Scipio devised a plan to attack Carthage. The strategy would force Hannibal to return to Carthage to defend his native city. In 202 B.C., at Zama near Carthage, The Romans would finally defeat Hannibal. During the Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.), Rome laid siege to Carthage. In 146 B.C., the city was set afire and its fifty-thousand inhabitants sold into slavery, with its territory being made into a Roman province. Rome's victories in the Punic Wars gave it dominance over the Western Mediterranean. The Romans went on to conquer the eastern half. By about 70 B.C., Rome's Mediterranean stretched from Anatolia (what is modern day Turkey/Asia Minor) in the east to Spain in the west. However, such growth and power brought with it a all new set of difficulties.

News

Okay so basically, I got a 98 on the test which is pretty nice. Missed only 1 question and what I screwed up was a singular multiple choice. On the bad end of things, Mr. Schick is going into surgery and will be missing for about the next two weeks. In this time we will be starting our Roman unit. We are going to have to teach ourselves everything from the book with a sub. That is all. I am also posting again, which is more good news.

Section 5 Answers

1.
Hellenistic- Culture made up of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences.
Alexandria- Egyptian City that became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization.
Located on a strategic point on the western part of the Nile delta.
Euclid- Highly regarded mathematician who taught in Alexandria. Work is still basis for courses in geometry.
Archimedes- Hellenistic Scientist who studied at Alexandria. Gifted in geometry and physics. Accurately estimated value of Pi. Invented the Archimedes screw and the compound pulley. Ideas set the basis for other Hellenistic Scientists to build the force pump, pneumatic machines, and a steam engine.
Colossus of Rhodes- Bronze statue standing more than 100 feet in Alexandria. One of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Toppled by earth quake in 225 BC. Bronze was later sold for scrap.
2.
Probably Archimedes' inventions. Without them people would probably be still a lot more primitive and his work led to even greater inventions that our society during the industrial revolution would be based on and rely on.
3.
Materials were just pouring in from all over the place and with them came people from far away lands with different cultures. In the process the materials brought would build machines and buildings that would either get spread to these lands or represent these lands in Alexandria.
4.
Euclid's geometry was more than likely used to calculate all things astronomy and his work would help accurately estimate and chart this work.
5.
They both focus on teaching that people should not follow things they are not in control of, but rather follow their human desires and what they can control.

Sections 3 & 4 Answers

Section 3:
1.
Direct Democracy- A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.
Classical Art- Art meant to portray ideal beauty, not realism. Values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion.
Tragedy- A series drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal. Featured a main character known as a tragic hero; whose downfall would be a tragic flaw.
Comedy- Plays containing scenes with slapstick and crude humor. Often made fun of politics, respected people, and ideas of the time.
Peloponnesian War- Great war between Athens and Sparta (and some proxy states); Named after peninsula where Sparta is located. Spartan Victory.
Philosopher- Meaning "Lover of Wisdom". (Greek, at the time) Thinkers who based their philosophy on two assumption;
* The Universe is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws.
* People can understand these laws through logic and reason
Socrates- Critic of the Sophists. Believed that absolute standards did exist truth justice. Encouraged Greeks to go further and question themselves and their moral character.
Plato- Student of Socrates, who set forth his vision of a perfectly governed society in his famous work, The Republic.
Aristotle- Pupil of Plato, who questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge. Invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic. Work became basis of the scientific method used today.
2.
 Strengthen Democracy- Without Pericles' pursuit for a stronger democracy we might not have had anything like the democratic systems we have today.
3.
Pericles increased the number of public officials who were paid salaries. Introduced direct democracy where any citizen could have a say in rule.
4.
Athen's strategy was to avoid land battles with the Spartan and wait for an opportunity to strike from the seas. Spartan strategy was to march into Athens, undetermined.
5.
I believe that the Athenians were just new to the idea of going away from tradition to think for themselves, think logically and that the gods weren't the reason behind everything.

Section 4:
1.
Philip II- Macedonian who dreamed of taking control of Greece and then moving against Persia to seize its vast wealth wealth.
Macedonia- Kingdom located just north of Greece with rough terrain and cold climate. Looked down upon by Greece/Greeks.
Alexander The Great- Son of Philip II who went on a great, unstopping conquest across the empires east of Greece.
Darius III- Persian King in power at the time of Alexander's great conquest.
2.
The Persian Conquest. So much territory and culture seized through the conquest and all of it added to the Greek Empire. The significance of a small kingdom toppling the great Persian Empire.
3.
Philip II was able to conquer Greece when the city states were weak and disorganized.
4.
Because his father told him to build a greater, larger empire, meant for Alexander, because he was destined for it (deserved it)
5.
It was split between three of his high commanders who couldn't agree on how to rule/divide it.

More Work Project

Today we were allowed to work on our project more. Austin, Ryan, and I are currently doing our project on Ancient Greek Naval Warfare. We'll be covering everything from how the sea affected their lives to the weapons they used to conquer the seas. We might stray a little towards more CE weaponry that happened during a different Greek Empire but we will find out along the way. For now we're just getting the powerpoint and meetings organized.

Notes

Today in class we took more notes on Ancient Greece and its government(s). We went over aristocrats and aristocracy. More or less we pretty much took notes on the same things. Something new was when the public became involved in Greek government. Only land-owning free men were allowed to go into the court. Draco made death the penalty for A LOT OF THINGS. And reforms made the laws less harsh but kept it the same for the most part.

Well, not quite how I expected class to go today. Instead of Mr. Schick going over the subject with us for half the class so we could pick it up and then him releasing us to takes our own notes on the subject, we got cut short and mainly just took the notes ourselves. Due to [REDACTED] and [REDACTED] distracting the class and Mr. Schick. So here I am now taking notes on helots, which are peasants forced to stay on the land they worked, and typing up this blog to get some sweet, sweet points. Atleast I got my test back this class. Only got two questions wrong so I got an upper B. That's about all I got for today so I think I'll end it here.

Page 41 Answers

1. delta- a triangular tract of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river, typically where it diverges into several outlets.
Narmer- Probably the first Egyptian king to unify the Northern and Southern kingdoms into one Egypt; also established first Egyptian dynasty.
Pharaohs- Egyptian god-kings thought to be almost as splendid and powerful as the gods of the heavens.
Theocracy- A type of government based on religious authority.
Pyramid- An immense structure for the burial of kings in the old kingdom for their afterlife. Built because Egyptians believed their kings would rule on after death and that they needed an even greater palace in their afterlife.
Mummification- Preservation of corpses (usually for royal and elite Egyptians' bodies) which involved embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying. Egyptians believed that if the body was mummified, the spirit could return to it later.
Hieroglyphic(s)- Form of Egyptian writing derived from the early, simple pictographs of Egypt.
Papyrus- Reeds found in the Nile delta used as a writing surface.
3. Being surrounded by a desert benefited Egypt by creating a natural barrier that would keep out anyone who tried to get in, including distant invaders.
4. Egyptians viewed Pharaohs as gods/kings. Egyptians thought kings were gods. They were thought to be almost as splendid and powerful as the gods of the heavens. The Pharaoh was at the center of Egypt's religion as well as government and army. Egyptians believed that the pharaoh bore full responsibility for the kingdom's well-being. It was the pharaoh who caused the sun to rise, the Nile to flood and the crops to grow. It was the pharaoh's duty to promote truth and justice.
5. Egyptians mummified bodies because they believed the soul could return to it later. They wanted to prevent the corpse from decaying so that it could be re-inhabited.

2 Hour Delay with Hammurabi

So today we had a two hour delay and Mr. Schick gave us a worksheet to do in class. I did the worksheet with Austin. We had a bit of trouble on the first question so we skipped it and proceeded onto the next few questions. The other questions weren't too bad but we hit some bumps along the way. Otherwise than that we finished the worksheet and waited for the class discussion on it. After the class discussion Mr. Schick gave us a worksheet for homework that I just completed about 5 minutes ago. thank god it's thursday. 

Notes in Class (super fun and stuff)

Back in the saddle it's pat with finally another blog post. I am doing this for the sake of my sanity and more importantly, my Western Civ grade. I am going to try to actually start doing these blogs again and I hope it will be refreshing as ever to get back into the grind that is Mr. Schick's one hundred fifty word requirement per blog. So, you're probably asking, "Patrick, what in class was so important for you to actually bother to take a minuscule five minutes out of your day to type this blog?" Well, I'm glad you asked. We took notes. Possibly the greatest and most exhilarating activity in the history of activities. Well, you may also be asking what the notes were on. Well, we took notes on prehistoric ages in human history. We essentially went over where humans mainly began taking ground and making permanent civilizations within their regions. Alright, well that's all I basically remember from class besides a few key details like population rising due to less children dying and a surplus of food. But, I think I hit the minimum so I'm gonna go hit the hay.

Guns, Germs, & Steel test

Today in Western Civ. we had a test on the video we have been watching for the past few days now, the video being Guns, Germs, & Steel. The test wasn't too difficult but it was just mainly me not being able to remember anything and not knowing the answer to a few questions because I missed a day of class when we were watching the video. Otherwise than that I think I did fine and I'm not too worried about the test. Hopefully I didn't do as bad I as I think I did.

Notes on Guns, Germs, and Steel

World shaped by conquest, conquest of the world by Europeans. Conquistadors, few hundred men, decimated the native population of the new world (the Americas). Did this by using Guns, Germs, and Steel. In other words, military power, lethal microbes, and advanced technology. How have guns, germs, and steel shaped the history of the world? People living in Papaun New Guinea for atleast 40,000 years; Much longer than of the people on the North and South American Continents. New Guineans much more culturally diverse and adaptable, so why are they much poorer than modern Americans? New Guineans very intelligent and have a lot of ingenuity. So why did they not make metal tools or great cities first or any other trappings of modern civilization? All great civilizations have had some things in common; Advanced technology, large populations, and well organized workforces. Like thousands of years ago, some New Guineans are hunter/gatherers, meaning they hunt for animals for food and clothing and gather plants for food and materials. Problem with PNG is that the main gathered food is sako, which is a difficult to manufacture starch that also doesn't provide a lot of nutritional benefits. But in the Middle East, 13,000 years ago they had cereal crops like barley and wheat, which was much more beneficial than sako. But, global temperatures returned to ice age levels and caused a drought in the Middle East lasting for atleast a thousand years. This got rid of the nutritious plants that were being harvested and killed off the animal herds. This caused the populace to go much farther and look much harder for any source of food, but they somehow survived and even prospered.

Last Blog/Test of Human Geography

Today we had our last test in Human Geography. The test was on the five major religions we went over in our religion unit over the past few weeks. Those five religions being Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism. Overall the test was fairly simple and straightforward and I didn't really run into any problems besides the questions I got wrong. Human Geography was great with Mr. Schick and I can't wait to come back in Semester 2 and get into Western Civ with him. It's been fun and we'll just have to wait to see how Western Civ is.

Classwork Jan. 14

Christianity: Founded by Jesus' followers (disciples/apostles) after his death, Christianity is a monotheistic religion (although believing their one God represent three persons, The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit). Holy Book is the Bible (includes New and Old Testament scriptures). About 2.2 Billion adherents (Christians) world wide. Most adherents found in the regions of Europe, North America, South America, and Southern Africa. Central figure is the Pope, followed (in hierarchical order) by Cardinals, then Archbishops, then Bishops, and then Priests. There are many denominations with Roman Catholic being the largest.
Islam: Founded by Muhammad in modern-day Saudi Arabia. Around 1.5 Billion adherents worldwide, mostly though in the Middle East, Indonesia, and Northern Africa. Adherents are referred to as Muslims. Two denominations, Sunnis (The largest taking up 75-90% of all Muslims) and Shiites (Smaller denomination taking up 10-25% of all Muslims. Their Holy Book is the Qur'an (Koran). They are monotheistic and are an Abrahamic religion. They believe in the Five Pillars (testimony, prayer, alms-giving, fasting, and pilgrimage). Muslims see their purpose in life as serving and submitting to Allah (God), and observing Islamic Law.
Hinduism: There is no distinct founder of Hinduism. A series of philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid set of beliefs. Believe in reincarnation, the thought of being born into a new life after you die in your old one. Around 1.1 Billion adherents (Hindus) spread mainly around India and Nepal. Holy Book(s) are the Vedas which are eternal truths revealed to ancient sages, which were composed in verse form, meant to be sung and easily memorized. Polytheistic (multiple Gods) with no specific God, but rather many Gods.
Buddhism: Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha). Around 500 Million to 1.5 Billion adherents(Buddhists) with four denominations; Tibetan, Zen, Theravada, and Amidist. Most adherents found in southeast Asia, China, Nepal, and Japan. With around 1.2 Million more Buddhists in the United States. Believe in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. The Four Noble Truths are 1. There is Suffering; 2. Attachment to desire is the origin of suffering; 3. There is a cessation of suffering; and 4. The Eightfold Path will lead to the cessation of suffering. The Eightfold Path consists of Right View, Right Intentions, Right Speech, Right Speech, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Dedication.
Lastly, Judaism: Founded by Abraham in what is thought to be modern-day Israel. Judaism has 14-18 Million adherents(Jews) around the world, mostly in Israel(6.4 Million) and the United States(5.3-7 Million). Their Holy Book is the Torah (which consists of the first five books of the Old Testament; Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy). They believe in ethical monotheism; God is one, and is concerned with the actions of mankind. They also believe (and follow) in the Ten Commandments and the Thirteen Principles of Faith.